{
  "title": "Texas Muslim Almanac: selected sourced observations",
  "checkedOn": "2026-09-22",
  "scope": "Editorial source ledger, not a new census or exhaustive dataset",
  "records": [
    {
      "id": "tsha-population-2010",
      "metric": "Muslim population estimate",
      "value": 421972,
      "unit": "people",
      "geography": "Texas",
      "referencePeriod": "2010",
      "qualifier": "estimate",
      "source": {
        "title": "Muslims, Handbook of Texas",
        "url": "https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/muslims",
        "publisher": "Texas State Historical Association",
        "retrievedOn": "2026-09-22"
      },
      "note": "Historical estimate; not a 2026 count or directly comparable trend endpoint."
    },
    {
      "id": "arda-adherents-2020",
      "metric": "Muslim Estimate: adherents",
      "value": 313209,
      "unit": "estimated adherents",
      "geography": "Texas",
      "referencePeriod": "2020",
      "qualifier": "estimate",
      "source": {
        "title": "Texas state membership report, 2020",
        "url": "https://www.thearda.com/us-religion/census/congregational-membership?c=48&t=1&y=2020",
        "publisher": "Association of Religion Data Archives",
        "retrievedOn": "2026-09-22"
      },
      "note": "Congregational-membership research category, not a federal household census."
    },
    {
      "id": "arda-congregations-2020",
      "metric": "Muslim Estimate: congregations",
      "value": 225,
      "unit": "congregations",
      "geography": "Texas",
      "referencePeriod": "2020",
      "qualifier": "dataset count",
      "source": {
        "title": "Texas state membership report, 2020",
        "url": "https://www.thearda.com/us-religion/census/congregational-membership?c=48&t=1&y=2020",
        "publisher": "Association of Religion Data Archives",
        "retrievedOn": "2026-09-22"
      },
      "note": "Keep distinct from the 224 in the separate mosque survey state table."
    },
    {
      "id": "arda-rate-2020",
      "metric": "Muslim Estimate: adherence rate",
      "value": 10.75,
      "unit": "per 1,000 residents",
      "geography": "Texas",
      "referencePeriod": "2020",
      "qualifier": "reported rate",
      "source": {
        "title": "Texas state membership report, 2020",
        "url": "https://www.thearda.com/us-religion/census/congregational-membership?c=48&t=1&y=2020",
        "publisher": "Association of Religion Data Archives",
        "retrievedOn": "2026-09-22"
      },
      "note": "Equivalent to 1.075 percent, not 10.75 percent."
    },
    {
      "id": "ispu-mosques-2020",
      "metric": "Texas mosques in U.S. Mosque Survey",
      "value": 224,
      "unit": "mosques within study scope",
      "geography": "Texas",
      "referencePeriod": "2020 survey",
      "qualifier": "study count",
      "source": {
        "title": "American Mosque Survey 2020: states with largest number of mosques, Table 1",
        "url": "https://ispu.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/ISPU_American-Mosque-Report-1-1.webp",
        "publisher": "Institute for Social Policy and Understanding",
        "retrievedOn": "2026-09-22"
      },
      "note": "Third-highest state count in this survey; scope exclusions are described in report methodology."
    },
    {
      "id": "hcr80-people-2023",
      "metric": "Muslims cited in introduced HCR 80",
      "value": 500000,
      "unit": "people",
      "geography": "Texas",
      "referencePeriod": "2023 introduced document",
      "qualifier": "approximately",
      "source": {
        "title": "HCR 80, introduced text, 88th Legislature, 2023",
        "url": "https://capitol.texas.gov/tlodocs/88R/billtext/html/HC00080I.htm",
        "publisher": "Texas Legislature",
        "retrievedOn": "2026-09-22"
      },
      "note": "A cited legislative estimate, not evidence of a new census in 2023."
    },
    {
      "id": "hcr18-people-2025",
      "metric": "Muslims cited in introduced HCR 18",
      "value": 500000,
      "unit": "people",
      "geography": "Texas",
      "referencePeriod": "2025 introduced document",
      "qualifier": "approximately",
      "source": {
        "title": "HCR 18, introduced text, 89th Legislature, 2025",
        "url": "https://capitol.texas.gov/tlodocs/89R/billtext/html/HC00018I.htm",
        "publisher": "Texas Legislature",
        "retrievedOn": "2026-09-22"
      },
      "note": "A cited legislative estimate, not evidence of a new census in 2025."
    },
    {
      "id": "hcr80-sites-2023",
      "metric": "Mosques and Islamic centers in HCR 80",
      "value": 338,
      "unit": "mosques and Islamic centers",
      "geography": "Texas",
      "referencePeriod": "2023 introduced document",
      "qualifier": "more than",
      "source": {
        "title": "HCR 80, introduced text, 88th Legislature, 2023",
        "url": "https://capitol.texas.gov/tlodocs/88R/billtext/html/HC00080I.htm",
        "publisher": "Texas Legislature",
        "retrievedOn": "2026-09-22"
      },
      "note": "A lower bound cited in a legislative text, not an audited operating inventory."
    },
    {
      "id": "hcr18-sites-2025",
      "metric": "Mosques and Islamic centers in HCR 18",
      "value": 330,
      "unit": "mosques and Islamic centers",
      "geography": "Texas",
      "referencePeriod": "2025 introduced document",
      "qualifier": "more than",
      "source": {
        "title": "HCR 18, introduced text, 89th Legislature, 2025",
        "url": "https://capitol.texas.gov/tlodocs/89R/billtext/html/HC00018I.htm",
        "publisher": "Texas Legislature",
        "retrievedOn": "2026-09-22"
      },
      "note": "Do not compare with HCR 80 as evidence of closures."
    },
    {
      "id": "fajr-listings-checked",
      "metric": "Fajr Labs displayed Texas listings",
      "value": 332,
      "unit": "directory listings",
      "geography": "Texas",
      "referencePeriod": "2026-09-22",
      "qualifier": "displayed snapshot",
      "source": {
        "title": "Texas masjid directory: displayed listing count",
        "url": "https://www.fajrlabs.com/masjid-map/texas",
        "publisher": "Fajr Labs",
        "retrievedOn": "2026-09-22"
      },
      "note": "116 cities displayed; retrieval date is not a verification date for each listing."
    },
    {
      "id": "mosqueindex-listings-checked",
      "metric": "MosqueIndex displayed Texas listings",
      "value": 282,
      "unit": "directory listings",
      "geography": "Texas",
      "referencePeriod": "2026-09-22",
      "qualifier": "displayed snapshot",
      "source": {
        "title": "Texas mosques: displayed listing count and inclusion notes",
        "url": "https://mosqueindex.com/mosques/texas",
        "publisher": "MosqueIndex",
        "retrievedOn": "2026-09-22"
      },
      "note": "79 cities displayed; a missing amenity field does not mean the amenity is absent."
    },
    {
      "id": "census-tx-2020",
      "metric": "Total Texas population",
      "value": 29145505,
      "unit": "residents",
      "geography": "Texas",
      "referencePeriod": "April 1, 2020",
      "qualifier": "census count",
      "source": {
        "title": "QuickFacts: Texas, census counts and population estimates",
        "url": "https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/TX",
        "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
        "retrievedOn": "2026-09-22"
      },
      "note": "All residents, not a Muslim population."
    },
    {
      "id": "census-tx-2025",
      "metric": "Total Texas population",
      "value": 31709821,
      "unit": "residents",
      "geography": "Texas",
      "referencePeriod": "July 1, 2025; V2025",
      "qualifier": "estimate",
      "source": {
        "title": "QuickFacts: Texas, census counts and population estimates",
        "url": "https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/TX",
        "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
        "retrievedOn": "2026-09-22"
      },
      "note": "Denominator only; not religious-affiliation data."
    }
  ],
  "derivedExample": {
    "expression": "500000 / 31709821 * 100",
    "resultPercent": 1.5767985571410195,
    "label": "Illustrative denominator calculation, not a measured current religious share"
  }
}